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AOMEI Partition Assistant Standard is a powerful, easy-to-use and user-friendly tool to backup and backup iOS devices to PC.
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Macrophages can present exogenous antigens by a process called cross-presentation. In contrast to cross-presentation of extracellular antigens, which requires capture and processing in endosomes, phagocytosis of cross-presented antigens occurs in the plasma membrane, presumably mediated by internalization of the antigen. We used cholera toxin as a model antigen to show that this is a unique property of cross-presented antigens. In contrast to other antigen-presenting cell types, the ability of B cells to present cholera toxin was restricted to the cross-presenting subset of M1 macrophages. We found that, in the absence of an intact M1 receptor, B cells were unable to present cholera toxin, suggesting that M1-mediated internalization of cross-presented antigens is necessary for presentation. By tracking the uptake and transport of fluorescently labeled cholera toxin, we show that macrophages can acquire and transport cholera toxin in a manner that requires phagocytosis and endocytosis. This process is partially dependent on a beta-galactosidase-containing phagosome but does not require endosomes. B cell-derived exosomes cannot mediate cross-presentation of cholera toxin and may be a source of cholera toxin that is endocytosed by M1 macrophages. These findings indicate that the M1 macrophage receptor is required for the efficient processing and presentation be359ba680
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